John Chandler opens his article by discussing three significant exhibitions which he sees as amplifying "the trend in art toward involvement and correspondence with electronic technology" (Chandler, 19); Cybernetic Serendipity at London's Institute of Contemporary Arts; the Pontus Hulten show at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, entitled The Machine at the End of the Mechanical Age; and Some New Beginnings at the Brooklyn Museum, which Chandler harshly criticizes. Chandler proceeds to discuss aspects of cybernetic theory and computer technology which are applicable to art production. He provides examples of art created with the aid of a computer such as Boxes by Darrel Eschbach and IBM 1627, and points out the difficulty of defining such works as "art." He also discusses art created with the aid of engineers, similar to "automata," such as Alexander Caller's A Universe, and works wherein technology can be used to make moving sculptures interactive and responsive. Chandler then discusses Information Theory as it relates to aesthetics and art reception, and closes by citing the theory of Irwin Panofsky and its relevance to art interpretation today.